Dog walkers and runners often face loose or aggressive dogs, and a deterrent spray can create distance when avoidance and voice commands fail. We evaluated these on what counts in a sudden encounter: effective range, how fast you can deploy one-handed, and how securely it carries on a leash hand or belt. In our evaluation we separated dog-specific repellents from stronger personal defense sprays, since they are formulated and regulated differently. We recommend choosing based on your real risk and local laws, which vary widely on what is legal to carry. A spray is a last-resort distance tool, not a first response. Prioritize awareness, route choice, and de-escalation. For dog-on-dog aggression, work with a qualified trainer. If your own dog is the reactive one, your veterinarian can help rule out pain-driven behavior.

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