Walkers and runners ask us how to protect themselves from an aggressive dog. We approached this carefully, because the goal is to stop a threat with the least harm possible and within the law. We compared the popular self-defense devices marketed for this situation, looking at reach, ease of deployment under stress, and whether a tool keeps distance between you and the animal. In our evaluation we favored options that let you act from a distance, since a loud deterrent or spray can stop an approach before contact. Close-contact electrical devices require you to be within biting range, which we note carefully. Below we share what we like, who each tool suits, and important safety and legality reminders. Check your local laws before buying, since these devices are restricted or banned in some areas.

Sources and further reading