Many new pigeon owners think that subtle changes in droppings or behavior are no cause for concern, but pigeons are masters at hiding illness until they are very sick. Recognizing early signs of disease can mean the difference between recovery and loss.
Our editorial team has gathered essential information on how to spot illness in pet pigeons. Pigeons have unique health vulnerabilities, so understanding their normal behavior and physical signs is vital for prompt care.
Changes in Droppings and Digestive Signs
Pigeon droppings normally consist of a dark solid portion (the fecal part) and a white or off-white urate cap. Healthy droppings are formed but not hard, and they are passed regularly. One of the earliest signs of illness is a change in color, consistency, or frequency. Watery droppings, green or yellow feces, or droppings with a foul odor can indicate infections, parasites, or liver issues.
Other digestive signs include regurgitation, vomiting, or a sour smell from the crop. A pigeon that stops eating or drinking, or has a crop that feels full and hard (impacted) or fluid-filled (sour crop), needs immediate attention. Diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration, so monitor droppings daily.
Behavioral and Respiratory Indicators
Pigeons are social and usually active during the day. A sick pigeon may become lethargic, sit fluffed up for long periods, or isolate itself from companions. It might close its eyes frequently or tuck its head under its wing. Reduced vocalizations, reluctance to move, or difficulty perching are red flags.
Respiratory issues are common in pigeons. Listen for sneezing, coughing, wheezing, or clicking sounds when breathing. Nasal discharge or wetness around the nostrils, labored breathing with an open beak, or tail bobbing while breathing are serious signs. Pigeons can also develop a condition called ‘going light’ where they lose weight rapidly despite eating.
Physical Appearance and Feather Condition
A healthy pigeon has bright, clear eyes, clean nostrils, and smooth feathers that lie flat. Signs of illness include dull or ruffled feathers, bald patches, or feather loss not related to molting. The skin around the eyes or ceres (the fleshy area above the beak) may become swollen, crusty, or discolored.
Check the bird’s beak and feet for any swelling, lesions, or overgrowth. Lumps on the body, especially around the joints or keel bone, can suggest infections or tumors. Also examine the vent area for soiling or pasty droppings stuck to feathers, which indicates diarrhea. Weight loss can be felt by gently feeling the keel bone; a prominent keel means the bird is underweight.
Neurological and Other Systemic Signs
Pigeons are susceptible to paramyxovirus and other neurological conditions. Watch for head twisting, circling, tremors, or inability to stand or walk straight. A pigeon that cannot fly or lands awkwardly may have an injury or illness. Seizures or paralysis are emergencies.
Other systemic signs include pale or cyanotic (blue) mucous membranes, excessive thirst, or unusual odors. A pigeon that is constantly scratching or shaking its head might have external parasites like mites or lice. Any combination of these signs warrants a visit to an avian veterinarian experienced with pigeons.